Rozsiedlenie rodu Prusów w ziemi łęczyckiej w średniowieczu

Książka jest zbiorem tekstów prezentujących szeroki wachlarz zagadnień dotyczących historii średniowiecznej Polski i Europy. W czterech działach ‒ na wybranych, konkretnych przykładach ‒ podjęto tematykę dotyczącą monarchów i ich rodzin, społeczeństwa i jego poczynań, sztuki, architektury i artefaktów życia codziennego, jak również światopoglądu ludzi wieków średnich. Tak różnorodne problemy badawcze zaciekawią wszystkich, którzy interesują się historią średniowiecza, w tym heraldyką, genealogią, archeologią czy historią sztuki

Miasta i mieszczanie Polski centralnej wobec napaści krzyżackiej w 1331 roku

In 1331 Władysław Łokietek was at war with the Teutonic Order, which filled the last years of his reign. During the Teutonic invasions many towns, villages, local people, forts, churches and monasteries suffered. The next ruler, i.e. Kazimierz Wielki, decided to open the lawsuit against the Teutonic Knights in order to regain the lost lands, Gdańsk Pomerania, the lands of Chełmno, Dobrzyń, the castellany of Michałów and Kujawy. Extensive procedural documentation can be found in the source publication Lites ac res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum. In addition to the princes, knights and clergy, testimony against specific articles was also made by the townspeople who actively participated in the trial. They testified to the aggression of the Teutonic Knights, which they experienced many times, emphasizing not only direct harm, but also the destruction of cities and church property. By analyzing individual testimonies, you can try to capture specific material losses during the turmoil of war. This text is also a contribution to further research on the participation of the townspeople in the Polish-Teutonic trial

Comments on the history of settlement in the area of former Orłów district in the Middle Ages

In this article, several theoretical and methodological remarks and observations have been formulated regarding the history of settlement in the former Orłów district, and also the emergence of new settlement points in this area. This text demonstrates criticism towards formulating conclusions about the chronology of individual settlement points, drawn on the basis of an incorrectly defined shape of the village, and especially the shifting of the settlement metrics to the early Middle Ages. Moreover, it was possible to indicate the new date for the first source entry for several localities in the district.W artykule sformułowano kilka uwag i spostrzeżeń o charakterze teoretyczno-metodologicznym na temat dziejów osadnictwa na obszarze dawnego powiatu orłowskiego, a także zasygnalizowano pojawienie się nowych punktów osadniczych na wspomnianym terytorium. W tekście wykazano krytycyzm względem formułowania wniosków na temat chronologii poszczególnych osiedli, wyciąganych na podstawie błędnie określonego kształtu wsi, zwłaszcza zaś przesuwania metryki osad do okresu wczesnego średniowiecza. Ponadto udało się wskazać na nową datę pierwszego zapisu źródłowego odnośnie do kilku miejscowości znajdujących się na terenie powiatu

Defensive Structures Built in the Region of Łęczyca as Described in the Sources Written until the End of the Jagiellonian Period

The aim of the article is to verify and complete the information on the defensive structures found in the area of the former Łęczyca region from the Middle Ages until the end of the Jagiellonian era (1572). The subject matter proposed in the text (understood as defensive construction) has already benefited fro, several studies (such as the publications in the field of archeology by Prof. Leszek Kajzer and a contribution on fortress and defensive manors in the former Brzeziny poviat by Prof. Anna Marciniak-Kajzer). The intention of the authors is to confront the current state of knowledge, based primarily on the results of archaeological research, with the previously unused information from the written sources. The main object of these considerations is such objects as: fortifications, castles, fragments of city walls, etc. The text is mainly based on the previously unused in this context medieval and modern manuscript sources from the area of the former Łęczyca voivodeship, in which information about these architectural structures has been preserved, and attention was drawn to the ambiguity of Latin terms (e.g. castrum), relating to defensive structures. The results of the undertaken research could be useful for a more precise determination of the dating of this type of buildings, and shall will allow in many instances to supplement the results of archaeological research. Finally, these results will demonstrate the defense potential of this territory. This text is a contribution to possible comparative research on the formulated problem in relation to other historical regions of Poland.Celem artykułu jest zweryfikowanie i uzupełnienie informacji na temat obiektów obronnych występujących na obszarze dawnej ziemi łęczyckiej od średniowiecza do końca epoki jagiellońskiej (1572). Zaproponowana w tekście tematyka (szeroko rozumiane budownictwo obronne) doczekała się już kilku opracowań (dysponujemy publikacjami z zakresu archeologii pióra prof. Leszka Kajzera oraz przyczynkiem na temat fortalicji i dworów obronnych w dawnym powiecie brzezińskim autorstwa prof. Anny Marciniak-Kajzer). Zamysłem autorów jest skonfrontowanie dotychczasowego stanu wiedzy, opierającego się przede wszystkim na wynikach badań archeologicznych, z niewykorzystanymi dotąd przekazami źródeł pisanych. Głównym przedmiotem podjętych rozważań są fortalicje, zamki, fragmenty obwarowań miejskich itp. W tekście sięgnięto przede wszystkim do niewykorzystywanych dotąd, w kontekście proponowanej tematyki, średniowiecznych i nowożytnych zasobów źródeł rękopiśmiennych, tj. ksiąg grodzkich i ziemskich z terenu dawnego województwa łęczyckiego, w których zachowały się wzmianki na ich temat, a także zwrócono uwagę na niejednoznaczność łacińskich terminów (np. castrum), odnoszących się do budowli o charakterze obronnym. Rezultaty podjętych badań mogą okazać się przydatne do bardziej precyzyjnego określenia datacji tego typu budowli i pozwolą w wielu miejscach uzupełnić wyniki badań archeologów, a także ukazać potencjał obronny interesującego nas terytorium. Niniejszy tekst stanowi przyczynek do ewentualnych badań porównawczych nad sformułowanym problemem w odniesieniu do innych historycznych regionów Polski

Epic battles in endocrinology — malignant pheochromocytoma: a case report

The rarity of malignant pheochromocytoma coupled with the lack of definitive predictors of malignancy and the variability of clinical course, poses a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Since data on treatment is so scarce, case reports are a valuable source of knowledge for clinicians. This case report describes the medical history of a woman, aged 51 at the time of initial diagnosis and adrenalectomy. Within over 5 years she presented with recurrent relapse of tumour in adrenal gland bed and multiple distant metastases to descending colon, abdominal wall, postoperative scars, and the peritoneum. Neither before diagnosis nor during the whole follow-up were symptoms associated with pheochromocytoma present. The treatment administered to our patient consisted of numerous debulking surgeries along with administration of both hot and cold somatostatin analogues. We believe that debulking surgeries played a substantial role in enabling the patient to survive nearly 6 years despite aggressive clinical course of pheochromocytoma. She passed away in 2012 as a result of postlaparotomy complications. We stress the role of debulking surgery in the treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma and summarise currentliterature

The Value of Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy (SRS) in Patients with NETG1/G2 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (p-NENs).

Background: Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas (p-NEN) are common gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). The aim of this retrospective study was to review the of value of Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy (SRS) in initial detection of p-NEN, evaluation of tumour extent and as imaging follow-up after radical surgery in patients with confirmed well (NETG1) or moderate (NETG2) differentiated p-NEN based on pathological WHO 2017 classification. Material and methods: Overall 281 patients with confirmed p-NEN were enrolled. The SRS was performed to evaluation of primary p-NEN, also to assess clinical stage of disease, based on current World Health Organization (WHO) classification and during clinical follow-up. A total of 829 examinations were performed over time in these 281 patients using 99mTc HYNICTOC. Images were acquired between 1 – 3 h after i.v. injection of radiotracer. Initially whole body WB-SPECT and then WB-SPECT/CT, with standard iterative reconstruction were used. Results: There were 159 patients with NETG1 (57%) and 122 subjects with NETG2 (43%). The female to male ratio was 1.1:1. In 68 patients (22%) with NETG1/G2 eight-seven SRS (10%) were performed to confirm initial diagnosis. SRS results were as follow: true positive (TP) = 84 (97%), false negative (FN) = 3 (3%), no true negative (TN) or false positive (FP) results of SRS examination (sensitivity of SRS per patient was 96%). In 198 subjects (66%) SRS was used in evaluation and re-evaluation of the clinical stage, A total of 661 (80%) examinations were carried out in these patients. There were TP=514 (77%), TN=136 (21%), FN=7 (1%) and FP=4 (1%) results. The sensitivity and specificity per patient were: 96% and 95%. The sensitivity and specificity per study: 98% and 97%. In 35 patients (12%) SRS was used as imaging follow-up after radical surgery, there were overall 81 examination (10%) which were performed. There were 76 (91%) TN results of examinations of SRS and in 4 patients we identified recurrence (TP). In total, which consists of initial diagnosis/staging and follow-up patients, the sensitivity of SRS was 96% and specificity 97% per patient and per study sensitivity and specificity was 98%. Conclusions: SRS using 99mTc HYNICTOC acquired in WB-SPECT or WB-SPECT/CT techniques is an excellent imaging modality in detection of primary NETG1/G2 p-NEN. Our study confirms that SRS has high sensitivity and specificity, as a result has tremendous value as an examination method to assess clinical stage of disease and as an imaging follow-up after radical treatment

Michał Lasocki (died 1472) – confederate, knight, politician. Contribution to the research on the signatories of Spytko’s of Melsztyn confederation in 1439

This article is an attempt to meet Franciszek Sikora’s demand for research into the careers of former confederates of Spytek of Melsztyn in 1439. The title hero belonged to Spytek’s fraction, then he took part in the Hungarian expedition of Wladislaus of Varna, and during the reign of Casimirus Jagiellonian his political career accelerated. Thanks to the favor of the rulers, he received endowments of royal property, took over the Łęczyca starosty, reached for land offices and finally got to the royal court. As the court marshal, he joined the group of the political elite of the Kingdom.Artykuł jest próbą wyjścia naprzeciw sformułowanemu przez Franciszka Sikorę postulatowi w sprawie badań karier byłych konfederatów Spytka z Melsztyna z 1439 r. Tytułowy bohater należał do obozu Melsztyńskiego, następnie brał udział w wyprawie węgierskiej Władysława Warneńczyka, a w czasach Kazimierza Jagiellończyka jego kariera polityczna nabrała przyspieszenia. Dzięki przychylności władców otrzymywał zapisy na dobrach monarszych, objął starostwo łęczyckie, sięgnął po urzędy ziemskie, by ostatecznie dostać się na dwór królewski. Będąc marszałkiem nadwornym, wszedł do grona elity politycznej Królestwa

In the question of The Order of the Teutonic Knights’ invasion of church goods in Łęczyca, Uniejów and Sieradz in 1331 according to the suit bills between The Kingdom of Poland and The Order of the Teutonic Knights in 1339

In 1331 Władysław Łokietek (the king of Poland) was at war with The Order of the Teutonic Knights. Łęczyca, Sieradz, Uniejów and nearby districts were invaded by The Order of the Teutonic Knights on September 1331. In the beginning of 1338 the new king Kazimierz sued the Teutonic Knights for the occupation of Gdańsk Pomerania, Chełmno Land, Michałów Land, Dobrzyń Land and Kujavia. The greatest part of this suit took place in Warsaw and Uniejów in 1339. The evidence from this lawsuit has been edited in 1896 and it is known as Lites ac res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum. This publication turned out to be the main source of knowledge on the Teutonic Knights’ invasion. In this article the author used following articles of accusation: XXI, XXII, XXIII. The main issue of this article is to investigate the testimonies which provide information involving the invasion of the Kingdom of Poland. The testimonies reveal a wide range of war damages carried out by the Teutonic Knights. The Order of the Teutonic Knights robbed a lot of chalices, missals, ledgers, liturgical vestments and crosses. In addition to this the Teutonic Knights set fire to churches and castles. They murdered local population and raped women. The testimonies seem to be credible, seeing as among them are the accounts of witnesses who belonged to the Teutonic Knights’ units

The army and their struggle with nature according to the chronicles of Anonym called Gall and Master Wincenty called Kadłubek

The components of natural environment were suitable for defending the points of resistance or surprising the enemy. However, it is important to say that without a well prepared defense they were useless. For instance the role of forests wastwofold taking into account leading the great campaigns or even smaller skirmishes. The main issue of this article is to follow the army’s struggle with nature during marching and warfare (the aggression against Bohemia, Prussia and battles in the country) including its impact on both successes and defeats according to the chronicles of Anonym called Gall and Master Wincenty called Kadłubek

Przodkowie prymasa Andrzeja Olszowskiego, czyli o początkach Olszowskich i ich herbie Prus ii

The article discusses the history of several generations of the noble family Olszowscy coat of arms Wilczekosy or II of Prussia, focusing primarily on the medieval ancestors of this family. There has been a gap in the historiography, which has mostly been associated with the character of Primate Andrzej Olszowski, who is considered a leading figure in this context. This genealogical statement is a follow-up to the fate of the earliest proven sources of Andrzej Olszowski’s ancestors. The issues related to the family’s coat of arms were also analyzed. The article also discusses the cloaking of the coat of arms, the function of the emblem, and explains the trap for wolves, and tracks the first references to the coat of arms